Muscular
system
Hypertrophy – the muscle increases in size and bulk. Hypertrophy is a result of an increase in the volume of contractile proteins (Actin & Myosin) within the muscle cell so they can contract with
greater force. The number of muscle fibres stays the same. In general males have a greater potential for increases in muscle bulk due to higher levels of the hormone testosterone.
Increases in tendon strength - tendons are tough bands of fibrous connective tissue designed to withstand tension forces along their length. Like muscles, tendons adapt to the mechanical loading of regular exercise. A general adaptation is increased strength but different types of training will exert differing effects on muscle – tendon complexes. Ligaments and tendons will increase in flexibility and strength with exercise. Articular cartilage also becomes thicker.
Muscle stores & Mitochondria - Muscles increase their oxidative capacity (their ability to use oxygen to produce energy) with regular training. This is achieved by an increase in the number of mitochondria (an
organelle where aerobic energy is produced) within the muscle cells which will increase the supply of ATP and an increase in the quantity of enzymes involved in the production of ATP. The ability of the muscle to store myoglobin is
increased (myoglobin is like haemoglobin and carries oxygen).
Lactic acid Anaerobic training stimulates the muscles to become better able to tolerate lactic acid and clear it away more efficiently. With endurance training the capillary network extends allowing greater volumes of blood to supply the muscles with oxygen and nutrients. The muscles are able to use more fate as a fuel source and become more efficient at using oxygen.
system
Hypertrophy – the muscle increases in size and bulk. Hypertrophy is a result of an increase in the volume of contractile proteins (Actin & Myosin) within the muscle cell so they can contract with
greater force. The number of muscle fibres stays the same. In general males have a greater potential for increases in muscle bulk due to higher levels of the hormone testosterone.
Increases in tendon strength - tendons are tough bands of fibrous connective tissue designed to withstand tension forces along their length. Like muscles, tendons adapt to the mechanical loading of regular exercise. A general adaptation is increased strength but different types of training will exert differing effects on muscle – tendon complexes. Ligaments and tendons will increase in flexibility and strength with exercise. Articular cartilage also becomes thicker.
Muscle stores & Mitochondria - Muscles increase their oxidative capacity (their ability to use oxygen to produce energy) with regular training. This is achieved by an increase in the number of mitochondria (an
organelle where aerobic energy is produced) within the muscle cells which will increase the supply of ATP and an increase in the quantity of enzymes involved in the production of ATP. The ability of the muscle to store myoglobin is
increased (myoglobin is like haemoglobin and carries oxygen).
Lactic acid Anaerobic training stimulates the muscles to become better able to tolerate lactic acid and clear it away more efficiently. With endurance training the capillary network extends allowing greater volumes of blood to supply the muscles with oxygen and nutrients. The muscles are able to use more fate as a fuel source and become more efficient at using oxygen.